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Neural injury leads to inflammation and activation of microglia that in turn may participate in progression of neurodegeneration. The mechanisms involved in changing microglial activity from beneficial to chronic detrimental neuroinflammation are not known but reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved. We have addressed this question in Nrf2‐knockout mice, with hypersensitivity to oxidative stress,...
A continuous normal function of olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) is to promote axonal regeneration from the olfactory neuroepithelium to the brain, and their neuroregenerative potential in other CNS sites such as the injured spinal cord has been studied for over a decade. However, human OEG are difficult to obtain in large amounts directly from tissues, and the derived primary cultures have a limited...
Leukotrienes (LTs) belong to a large family of lipid mediators, termed eicosanoids, which are derived from arachidonic acids and released from the cell membrane by phospholipases. LTs are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and peripheral inflammatory pain. In the present study, we examined whether LTs were implicated in pathomechanism of neuropathic...
Perisynaptic astroglia are critical for normal synaptic development and function. Little is known, however, about perisynaptic astroglia in the human hippocampus. When mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is refractory to medication, surgical removal is required for seizure quiescence. To investigate perisynaptic astroglia in human hippocampus, we recovered slices for several hours in vitro from three...
Previous studies suggest that glial cells contribute to synaptogenesis in specific neurons from the postnatal CNS. Here, we studied whether this is true for Purkinje cells (PCs), which represent a unique neuronal cell type due to their large size, massive synaptic input, and high vulnerability. Using new glia‐free cultures enriched in PCs from postnatal mice we show that these neurons survived and...
Production of nerve growth factor (NGF) from Schwann cells (SCs) progressively declines in the distal stump, if axonal regeneration is staggered across the suture site after peripheral nerve injuries. This may be an important factor limiting the outcome of nerve injury repair. Thus far, extensive efforts are devoted to modulating NGF production in cultured SCs, but little has been achieved. In the...
With the increasing prevalence of HIV‐associated neurocognititve disorders (HAND), understanding the mechanisms by which HIV‐1 induces neuro‐inflammation and subsequent neuronal damage is important. The hallmark features of HIV‐encephalitis, the pathological correlate of HIV‐associated Dementia (HAD), are gliosis, oxidative stress, chemokine dysregulation, and neuronal damage/death. Since neurons...
This study investigated the glutamate concentration and cellular localization of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPA GluR2, GluR3, GluR4) along with insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐1 and ‐2 expression in the periventricular white matter (PWM) of neonatal rats with the aim to determine their involvement in PWM injury in hypoxia. In response to hypoxia,...
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine able to evoke a wide array of cellular responses including proliferation, migration, and survival through activation of its receptor c‐met. Various types of leukocytes have been described to express c‐met suggesting that HGF/c‐met signaling may directly influence leukocyte responses in inflammation. We have investigated the HGF/c‐met pathway...
Brain invasion is a biological hallmark of glioma that contributes to its aggressiveness and limits the potential of surgery and irradiation. Deregulated expression of adhesion molecules on glioma cells is thought to contribute to this process. Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) include several IgSF members involved in leukocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, and cell polarity. They are expressed mainly...
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